Safety

 

What is a PFD 

A personal flotation device, abbreviated as PFD, is typically a wearable flotation device designed in the form of a vest, aimed at aiding individuals in staying buoyant when in water. As per regulations set by the United States Coast Guard (USCG), it is mandatory to have sufficient USCG-approved PFDs on board your recreational vessel to accommodate every passenger. These PFDs must not only bear a USCG approval number but also be appropriately sized for each wearer, easily accessible, and in optimal working condition.

For every individual on board, including those below the age of 13, a Type I, II, III, or V PFD is required. The specific type of PFDs needed may vary based on the nature of water activities undertaken and the size and type of the vessel. Additionally, if your boat measures 16 feet or longer and is not a canoe or kayak, a throwable Type IV PFD is also mandated.

Types of PFDs

Type I – Inherently buoyant recommended uses and features:

Best for open, rough or remote water where rescue may be slow to arrive. Will turn MOST unconscious wearers face-up in water.

Offers the best protection, but is somewhat bulky and uncomfortable. Does the best job of retaining body heat, as it has additional foam and fabric, and keeps your head higher above water.

Currently, there aren't any Coast Guard approved Type I inflatable PFD's available to the general public.

Type II PFD: Near-Shore Vests

Type II PFDs are designed for ease of wear with minimal bulk, making them ideal for calm, inland water conditions where swift rescue is probable. These PFDs are crafted to rotate unconscious wearers into a face-up position; however, they are not suitable for prolonged exposure to rough waters. Type II PFDs offer a wide range of sizing options, accommodating infants, children, youth, and adults.

Type II PFD: Near-Shore Vests

Type II PFDs are designed for ease of wear with minimal bulk, making them ideal for calm, inland water conditions where swift rescue is probable. These PFDs are crafted to rotate unconscious wearers into a face-up position; however, they are not suitable for prolonged exposure to rough waters. Type II PFDs offer a wide range of sizing options, accommodating infants, children, youth, and adults.

Type III PFD: Flotation Aids

Available in vest and coat styles, Type III PFDs, like Type IIs, are well-suited for calm, inland waters with readily available assistance. Considered the most comfortable personal flotation option, Type III models may not consistently turn unconscious wearers face-up. Consequently, they are not recommended for prolonged offshore survival situations, as water may breach the wearer's head and face. Type III PFDs come in various sizes and styles, offering both functionality and aesthetics.

Type IV PFD: Throwable Devices

Type IV PFDs, including cushions, rings, and horseshoe buoys, are suitable for tossing to individuals who have fallen overboard in calm, inland waters. While serving as backups to wearable PFDs, they should not be relied upon for aiding unconscious individuals, non-swimmers, or children, nor should they be used for extended periods in rough waters.

Type V PFD: Special-Use Devices

Reserved for specific water environments and activities, Type V PFDs offer tailored assistance based on the conditions. Varieties include boardsailing vests, deck suits, work vests, and hybrids. Before purchasing or using a Type V PFD, it's essential to review its limitations and suitability for the intended purpose.

Type V Hybrid PFD: Inflatable Devices

Featuring streamlined designs with internal deflated buoyancy packs, hybrid PFDs are ideal for continuous wear and provide substantial flotation when activated, either manually or automatically. However, these compact PFDs may not adequately support wearers unless partially inflated before entering the water. Active maintenance of the inflation chamber is necessary for reliable operation. Type V Hybrid PFDs are mandated to be worn to be considered regulation USCG-approved PFDs and are not recommended for children and young adults under 16 years old.

 

Picking the right PFD 

Selecting a personal flotation device (PFD) starts with ensuring the correct size. Unlike child PFDs, adult sizing is determined by chest diameter rather than weight. A proper fit snugly conforms to your body, allowing freedom of movement while preventing chafing. Each PFD is designed with foam placement tailored to move with your body; some incorporate segmented foam within stretchable fabrics, enhancing flexibility during wear.

Furthermore, most PFDs feature adjustable straps and buckles to improve comfort and achieve a secure fit for water safety. Materials used in PFD construction vary, from general-purpose polyethylene foam (PE) and durable, cost-effective polyvinyl-chloride foam (PVC) to specialized NBR and Aquafoam™ foam fillers. For female users, opting for PFDs with female-specific cuts is recommended, offering accommodations for larger bust lines and longer torsos, often including princess seams and contoured molding for enhanced comfort and fit.

Once you've selected the right size PFD, follow these steps for a proper fit:

  1. Unsnap buckles and loosen all straps, then don the PFD.
  2. Zip up if there's a zipper, then tighten straps from the waist up, avoiding excessive squeezing or material bunching. Adjust shoulder straps last, tucking in loose ends to prevent snags.
  3. Have someone pull firmly on the shoulders; if the PFD can be pulled over your nose or head, it's too loose. Readjust straps accordingly. If it can still be pulled up to your nose after several attempts, opt for a smaller size.
  4. Ideally, test your PFD in a pool, simulating movements you'll make while wearing it, such as paddling or reaching. Ensure it keeps your chin above water and allows for easy floating on your back.
  5. While testing, note if you struggle to keep your head above water or float on your back; in such cases, consider a PFD with higher buoyancy.
  6. Throwable Type IV devices should also be tested before use, adjusting for wind and water conditions when tossing.

Understanding Buoyancy

Buoyancy, measured in pounds, is the force required to keep an individual's head and chin above water. Adults typically need seven to twelve pounds of buoyancy to remain afloat. Various factors, including weight, body fat percentage, lung capacity, attire, and water conditions, influence the necessary buoyancy for staying above water. Generally, individuals with higher fitness levels require more buoyancy. To assess a PFD's buoyancy, tilt your head back while wearing it in water and relax your body. Your chin should stay comfortably above water without any water reaching your face or mouth. If your chin doesn't stay above water, consider selecting a model with greater buoyancy. While individuals with larger stomachs than chests may experience ride-up, this shouldn't occur in other cases.

USCG Requirements for PFD Buoyancy Levels

The USCG mandates the following minimum buoyancy levels for PFDs:

  • Type I: 22.00 lbs
  • Type II: 15.5 lbs
  • Type III: 15.5 lbs
  • Type IV: 16.5 & 18.0 lbs
  • Type V - Hybrids: 7.5 lbs (deflated) – 22.00 lbs (inflated)
  • Type V – Special Use: 15.5 – 22.0 lbs

 

PFD Care & Maintenance

Although life jackets are generally easy to care for and can last many seasons with proper attention, there are a few dos and don'ts that will help ensure your PFDs stay in good working condition. Perform these checks bi-annually and at the start of every boating season.

Do's:

  • Examine your PFD before use to check for rips and fraying, while looking to see if hardware, seams and straps are in suitable condition. Tug at the straps and close and release the buckles to ensure they are also in good shape.

  • Look for signs of mildew, waterlogging (the absorption of water), shrinkage or severe fading. If detected, replace your PFD.

  • Write your name somewhere on the PFD so it is easily identifiable and will not get mistaken for someone else's.

  • Rinse with fresh water after wearing to remove salt deposits and other impurities.

  • Hang dry before storing in a cool, ventilated spot away from direct sunlight.

  • Protect the safety of others by cutting-up old vests before throwing them out so that should someone find them, the PFDs will be unusable.

  • If you own an inflatable PFD, replace spent air cartridges once they have been used.

Dont's:
  • Don't wear it with heavy or sharp items in the pockets, which may puncture or challenge the buoyancy so you don't float as well.

  • Don't tailor your PFD. By doing so, you void the USCG approval and alter the buoyancy, changing the effectiveness of the flotation. If your PFD doesn't fit, get one that does. A PFD that is cut or altered may not help save your life.

  • Don't apply heavy weight to your PFD by kneeling or standing on it or by using it as a boat fender. Pressure like this will crush the foam within, resulting in loss of buoyancy.

  • Don't leave your PFD onboard a boat not in use for an extended period of time. This exposes it to sunlight and dry conditions that may weaken it.

  • Don't clean a PFD with harsh detergents or attempt to dry clean.

  • Don't dry your PFD in the dryer, on a heater or within contact of any other direct heat source as this can damage the foam inside.